Global Study Warns of Potential Surge in Gastric Cancer Cases

A recent study published in the journal Nature Medicine highlights a significant health concern: a potential increase in gastric cancer cases worldwide, driven primarily by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori. Conducted by experts from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the research examined stomach cancer incidence across 185 countries in 2022 and projected alarming future mortality rates.

The findings reveal a pressing global health challenge, with millions more expected to develop gastric cancer if preventive measures are not implemented. Fortunately, the study suggests that timely screening and targeted interventions could prevent a significant portion of these cases. Researchers advocate for comprehensive H. pylori screening and eradication programs to mitigate this risk.

Understanding Helicobacter Pylori

Helicobacter pylori is a common bacterium that infects the stomach lining, often transmitted through contaminated food and water. While it is a prevalent infection, affecting nearly 65 to 70% of the Indian population by the age of 10-12, not all carriers develop symptoms or serious complications. Nevertheless, the bacterium has been linked to stomach ulcers and certain types of cancer, including gastric maltoma, a form of blood cancer.

Dr. Jin Young Park, leader of the gastric cancer prevention team at IARC and co-author of the study, emphasized the importance of prioritizing gastric cancer prevention. He stated, “It is essential that health authorities make gastric cancer prevention a priority and accelerate efforts to control it by planning pilot and feasibility projects, including H. pylori screen-and-treat programmes.”

Implications for India

In India, where the prevalence of H. pylori is particularly high, the need for public awareness and proactive health measures is critical. Dr. Manish Dodmani, a consultant in medical gastroenterology at KIMS Hospitals, elaborated on the implications of this research, urging that asymptomatic individuals without a family history of stomach issues typically do not require testing. He noted that screening is primarily recommended for those with a prior history of ulcers or unexplained iron deficiency anemia.

Dr. Dodmani also pointed out that improving hygiene practices and ensuring access to clean food and water can significantly reduce the risk of H. pylori infection. He mentioned, “Practising good hygiene, having clean and nutritious food, and clean water can lower the risk of getting H. pylori infection.”

While many individuals with H. pylori remain asymptomatic, some may experience ongoing digestive issues. Dr. Dodmani highlighted that symptoms like mild indigestion, abdominal pain, and bloating should not be ignored, as they can indicate underlying problems. More severe signs, such as unexplained weight loss or blood in vomit, could suggest the presence of gastric cancer.

Advancements in treatment options for stomach cancer have also emerged, although late-stage diagnosis remains a challenge. Dr. Dodmani noted that many patients are diagnosed only after symptoms become severe, complicating treatment prospects. Newer techniques, such as endoscopic mucosal resection, offer hope for early-stage cancers, potentially allowing patients to avoid more invasive procedures.

The findings from this global study underscore the urgent need for awareness and preventive measures, particularly in countries like India where H. pylori infections are often overlooked. As Dr. Dodmani cautioned, “The time to act is now, i.e. before today’s neglected stomach bug becomes tomorrow’s national cancer crisis.”

The recommendations from this research serve as both a warning and a call to action, advocating for better health policies and intervention strategies to combat the looming threat of gastric cancer. The public must be educated on the importance of recognizing symptoms and seeking medical advice promptly.