Danish Study Reveals Risks of Being Underweight Over Obesity

New research from Denmark challenges long-held beliefs about weight and longevity, suggesting that being underweight may pose a greater risk for early death than being slightly overweight. Presented at the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) conference in Vienna, the study examined the health outcomes of more than 85,000 adults, predominantly women in their mid-60s, over a five-year period.

Key Findings on Weight and Mortality

The study revealed several critical insights regarding Body Mass Index (BMI) and mortality risk. Those classified as underweight, with a BMI below 18.5, were found to be nearly three times more likely to die than individuals at the upper end of the normal range (BMI 22.5–25). Participants with BMIs between 18.5–20 faced double the risk of early death, while those in the 20–22.5 range had a 27% increased risk.

Interestingly, the research indicated that being overweight, with BMIs between 25–35, did not correlate with higher mortality rates compared to the reference group. However, severe obesity, defined as a BMI of 40 or higher, more than doubled the likelihood of death.

Understanding the Risks of Low Weight

Dr. Sigrid Bjerge Gribsholt, the lead researcher, emphasized that underlying health issues could influence these findings. Many individuals classified as underweight may have experienced weight loss due to illness, making low BMI appear riskier than it might be in healthy individuals.

Another significant factor is the distribution of body fat. Accumulation of visceral fat around the abdomen is linked to conditions such as diabetes and heart disease, whereas fat stored in the hips and thighs is generally less harmful. Consequently, two individuals may have the same BMI yet vastly different health profiles due to where their fat is distributed.

The research underscores that BMI is only one aspect of overall health. While severe obesity carries its own risks, being slightly overweight does not appear to be as detrimental as previously thought, particularly for older adults.

As Professor Jens Meldgaard Bruun noted, “The treatment of obesity should be personalized.” This indicates a shift in perspective, where overall metabolic health, fat distribution, and the presence of conditions like diabetes or hypertension are increasingly recognized as vital indicators of health, rather than relying solely on a single number.

The implications of this study remind us that health is multifaceted. For many individuals, carrying a few extra pounds may not significantly impact longevity, whereas being underweight poses serious risks. These findings could reshape how health professionals approach weight management and treatment strategies moving forward.