Robots Consume Each Other: Groundbreaking Work in Machine Metabolism

Researchers at Columbia University have taken a significant step in robotics by developing machines that can “consume” one another to enhance their capabilities. Led by Philippe Wyder, this groundbreaking work introduces a rudimentary form of metabolism in robots, allowing them to physically grow and improve their functions through modular assembly. The study was published in Science Advances in 2025.

The concept behind this robotic metabolism draws inspiration from biological processes. Wyder argues that instead of merely replicating the outcomes of biological evolution, robotics should emulate its methods. This perspective combines elements of artificial life, modular robotics, and survivability-oriented designs, as previously suggested by experts like Magnus Egerstedt in his book, *Robot Ecology*.

Wyder’s team created a basic robotic module named Truss Link, which resembles a rod measuring 16 centimeters in length. These modules, equipped with batteries, electronic controllers, and servomotors, can expand, contract, and crawl in a straight line. Each module is designed to connect to others using permanent magnets, forming various structures akin to how amino acids combine to create proteins in living organisms.

Robotic Growth and Self-Assembly

The initial experiments took place in a controlled environment filled with obstacles, enabling the robots to showcase their ability to form complex structures. Under human control, the Truss Links were directed to connect and create configurations including stars, triangles, and tetrahedrons. As these structures grew, their capabilities increased, allowing them to navigate obstacles and assist one another.

The next phase of Wyder’s research sought to determine whether the robots could self-assemble without human intervention. Using computer simulations, the team observed the behavior of six randomly moving Truss Links in an enclosed area. In over 2,000 trials, they found a 64 percent chance that the modules would form three-pointed star shapes, along with other configurations such as triangles and diamonds.

Despite these advancements, the question remains whether these robots can genuinely be considered as having metabolism. Wyder notes that while they can assemble and reconfigure, their current limitations prevent them from consuming materials in a way that extracts energy and transforms chemicals, which is a core characteristic of metabolism.

The Future of Robotic Design

Wyder acknowledges that the current design lacks diversity in modules, as the team primarily used homogeneous components. To enhance functionality, they plan to integrate a wider variety of modules with differing sensors. He emphasizes the importance of creating robots with a specific purpose, similar to survival strategies in nature.

In envisioning future applications, Wyder suggests that robots might be programmed to undertake tasks like constructing a lunar colony. Such a design would enable small units to explore an area and later assemble into larger structures that could utilize smaller robots for construction and maintenance.

“Survivability should be the first objective,” Wyder states, asserting that a robotic platform must adapt to unforeseen circumstances much like living organisms. He believes that, given sufficient time, robots could evolve to meet specific needs, like developing additional limbs to enhance their functionality.

As research in robotic metabolism progresses, it opens new avenues for the design and application of autonomous machines. The potential for robots to not only grow but also adapt to their environments could revolutionize how we think about robotics in the future.